Outline and Explain the Ricardian Equivalence Theorem and...

Outline and explain The Ricardian Equivalence Theorem and assess the evidence bearing on it. The Ricardian Equivalence Theorem, developed by David Ricardo and advanced by Robert Barrow in the 19th century, suggests that taking into account the government budget constraint a budget deficit will have no effect on national saving- the sum of private and public saving, in an economy. In this essay I am going to explain the reasoning behind this, assess its likelihood and finally review evidence either supporting or opposing the theorem. In an economy, if government spending exceeds government revenues, borrowing money (for example by issuing government bonds or increasing taxation) can finance the deficit. Ricardian Equivalence states†¦show more content†¦This is taking into account the assumption that family with children are altruisc, and evidence of this varied with Seater 1993 supporting this but Bernheim stating that his findings were conflicting with altruism3. Barrow furthered his claim by questioning the effect of childless families, and argued that ‘childless family’s consumption decisions increase next generation’s burden of taxes for families with children’3 and therefore families with children keep this in mind and leave more to them. A major factor, which is ignored in Ricardian Equivalence, is that of uncertainty. This was brought forward by Feldstein 1988, and argued that if parents were unsure about future streams of income, they would be unable to calculate how much bequest they should leave. Ricardian Equivalence also might fail as taxes tend to be distortionary. People might change their behavior in response to tax changes, for example on wages, where it may in fact lead to some agents working less and consequently reducing output. Evidence for Ricardian Equivalence. In 1992, George Bush tried to avoid a recessionary period in America by altering income taxes. He cut income tax in 1992, only to increase it again the following year in 1993. Ricardian view predicts that consumers should view wealth as being unchanged and thus save their increased disposable incomes in order to be able to meet the

Examples Of Ligeia And The Fall Of The House Of Usher

Edgar Allan Poe is an American Gothic author from the 19th century. It is well known that Edgar Allan Poe was a master of suspense. The word ‘suspense’ is defined by the Oxford Dictionary to be ‘A state or feeling of excited or anxious uncertainty about what may happen.’ Two of Poe’s works are ‘Ligeia’ and ‘The Fall of the House Usher’. ‘Ligeia’ is the story of an unnamed narrator in love with his wife Lady Ligeia and how he copes with her death. ‘The fall of the House of Usher’ is the story of an unnamed narrator visiting his friend Roderick Usher at his house. Both of them are full of suspense and this is the main topic this essay will be focusing on. This essay will attempt to illustrate how Poe builds suspense in his short stories†¦show more content†¦However, later in the story, the narrator is the one seeing movement and hearing sighs. But as the narrator is an opium addict, the reade r also assumes it is a hallucination. Because these two narrators are unreliable, the reader can’t trust anything to what it is about to happen. However, throughout the stories, Poe is leaving clues to the reader in order to solve the mystery. It is called foreshadowing and this what the second part will be dealing with. As it was said in the first part, Lady Rowena and the narrator in ‘Ligeia’ are seeing inexplicable things but it is considered as hallucinations. However, it is actually clues from the author, in order to prepare the reader to see Ligeia appear. At the beginning of the story, Poe takes the time to do an extensive depiction of Ligeia in order to the reader to be on the lookout for slightest resemblance. These â€Å"hallucinations† are only sharpening the reader’s attention because a small part of him knows something is happening but doesn’t know what and make him read faster to know the end. Poe is also using foreshadowing in ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’. At the beginning of the story, before the narrator enters the house he says: â€Å"Perhaps the eye of a scrutinizing observer might have discovered a barely perceptible fissure, which, extending from the roof of the building in front, made its way down the wall in a zigzag direction, until it became lost in the sullen waters of the tarn.† The small crack described showsShow MoreRelated Comparing Gothic Romanticism in The Fall of the House of Usher and Ligeia1625 Words   |  7 PagesGothic Romanticism in The Fall of the House of Usher and Ligeia The Gothic style found in the majority of Edgar Allen Poe’s short stories is obvious to the average reader. The grotesque, the desolate, the horrible, the mysterious, the ghostly, and, ultimately, the intense fear are all the primary aspects of the stories which are emphasized. But few writers remain uninfluenced from their contemporaries and Poe is no exception. He is clearly a product of his time, which in termsRead MoreExamples Of Gothicism In The Fall Of The House Of Usher744 Words   |  3 Pagesuncomfortable discussing. The two pieces of American literature Ligeia and The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe are great examples of gothic literature. As a Gothic writer, Poe uses specific words and events which exhibit gothicism in these two texts by haunting, usually unspoken, and dark themes which are characteristic to gothicism. The story of Ligeia is a great example of gothicism because of the supernatural themes. For example, â€Å"The room lay in a high turret of the castellated abbeyRead MoreEdgar Allan Poes Use of Gothisism891 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is a well-known fixture in American literature; whose stories have made sizeable contributions to the Gothic literary element. Many of Poe’s stories contain more than one Gothic element. â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† is a prime example of this. In this story Poe presents the themes of death and the accompanying supernatural. Poe often uses his proficiency in Gothic to invoke deep reading. For many, this proficiency causes Poe’s stories to be difficult to fully understand at firstRead More Comparing Gothic Elements in Fall of the House of Usher, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ligeia, and American Sl2650 Words   |  11 PagesComparing Gothic Elements in Fall of the House of Usher, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ligeia, and American Slave Gothic literature has a number of conventions, including evils of horror, present of light and dark, suggestions of the supernatural, and dark and exotic localities such as castles and crumbling mansions (American). Violence in gothic literature never occurs just for the sake of violence; there is always a moral dilemma (Clarke 209). By going the extremes, a gothic author is able to accentuateRead MoreDestructive Transendence: an Intrepretation of Edgar Allan Poe1890 Words   |  8 Pagesspectrum by developing a new genre of writing (detective fiction) as well as motivating modern day writers such as the famous Arthur Doyle and his Sherlock Holmes series. Edgar Allan Poe’s use of Destructive Transcendence in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and â€Å"Ligeia† conveys the idea of the physical world and the spiritual world conflicting on the outskirts of reality to unite as one through the use of insanity, symbolism, imagery, and diction. To begin with, the use of insanity in Poe’s worksRead More The Creation of Art and Life2321 Words   |  10 PagesPoe’s fabulous creations such as Ligeia, The Pit and The Pendulum, and The Fall of The House of Usher. First, it has been well documents that there have been many deaths in Edgar Allan Poe’s life. Each death may have brought out a story from the great writer. The truth may also be that the works of Poe’s involving love and death have aid in some of his loved ones dying. There are several stories that Poe has created before an untimely death. One story happens to be Ligeia, a creation of great love andRead More The Creation of Art and Life2275 Words   |  10 Pageslife and art with Poe’s fabulous creations such as Ligeia, The Pit and The Pendulum, and The Fall of The House of Usher. There have been many deaths in Edgar Allan Poe’s life. Each death may have brought out a story from the great writer. The truth may also be that the works of Poe’s involving love and death have aid in some of his loved ones dying. There are several stories that Poe has created before an untimely death. One story happens to be Ligeia, a creation of great love and passion for a femaleRead MoreResurrected Love: an Analysis of Edgar Allen Poes Ligeia Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allen Poes short story Ligeia, in a style much like that of The Fall of the House of Usher, has all the makings of a classic, gothic horror tale. It is a story of a love so strong that it overcomes the realms of death. The unnamed narrator is so in love with the Lady Ligeia, as she is with him, that her untimely death soon after their marriage was unable to separate them. Ligeia rejoins the narrator in life through the body of another, Lady Rowena Trevanion of Tremaine. Rowena is the se condRead MoreEssay about Mans Need For Woman in the Works of Edgar Allen Poe2186 Words   |  9 Pagesof love stories is Ligeia.  Ã‚   Lady Ligeia is the narrators first wife.   She is the one, his one true love.   She is infinitely beautiful: the skin rivaling the purest ivory...I regarded the sweet mouth. Here was indeed the triumph of all things heavenly...the eyes...They were, I must believe, far larger than the ordinary eyes of our own race (Selected 27).   She, however, dies of a debilitating disease and the narrator marries Lady Rowena.   Rowena cannot compare with Ligeia, and Ligeias spiritRead MoreAnti-Transcendentalist Themes in Poes The Fall of the House of Usher1651 Words   |  7 Pagesmocked transcendentalist ideals by clearly expressing anti-transcendentalist themes in one of his most well known works, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†. Although this work openly exhibits Poes contempt for transcendentalism as a literary movement, it was nonethe less influenced by – and perhaps even based on – transcendentalist beliefs. Poes â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† is considered to be a Dark Romantic text. Dark Romanticism began in the mid-nineteenth century as a negative reaction to the

Health Professionals General Public Exhibit

Question: Describe about the Health Professionals for General Public Exhibit. Answer: Introduction It is often concluded that healthcare workers compared to the general public exhibit much healthier behaviors because they often give advice to their patients, to be precise in areas of cigarette smoking, binge drinking, and weight control. However, from statistics, it is evident that there are no differences between the general public and healthcare professionals when it comes to lifestyle diseases. The increased prevalence of obesity and overweight is considered a world epidemic. In the healthcare system, nurses are tasked with the responsibility of designing health promotional programs to address this epidemic. However, it is so ironical that obese and overweight is prevalent among healthcare workers (Mahmood et al., 2014). Accordingly, health workers often fair badly regarding smoking cessation and undergoing cancer screenings. Analysis of Whether Health Professional Practice What They Preach Mahmood et al. (2014) argue that professionals in the healthcare sector should be healthier than the general public because they have an understanding and knowledge of a wide range of health issues. Besides, their jobs entail promoting a lifestyle that is healthier. Nonetheless, the public acknowledges the fact that the nature of their job is not conducive to lead a healthy lifestyle. Additionally, the legacy of binge drinking from medical school is also one of the reasons why health professionals find it difficult to lead a healthy way of life (Terebessy et al., 2016). As evidenced from the introductory paragraph, healthcare professionals do not practice what they preach. Despite the fact that they are supposed to set an example for the public in regards to healthy behaviors and healthy weight, they often fail in doing so. According to (Mahmood et al., 2010), overweight and obesity are prevalent among healthcare professionals just like in the general population. According to a study conducted in the United States, it was concluded that 40% of pediatricians were either obese or overweight (Jimnez-Cruz Bacard-Gascn, 2006). A similar study was carried out among Mexican physicians, and it showed that a larger percentage of physicians, to be precise 74% were either obese or overweight (Perrin, Flower Ammerman, 2005). The burden of overweight and obesity is also prevalent among nurses. Taking an example of Tonga and the United States, the number of nurses suffering from overweight and obese is 39.8% and 82.4% respectively (Zhu, Norman While, 2011). Ap art from being overweight, healthcare professionals are also engaged in smoking and binge drinking. However, their actions are attributable to a wide range of factors including: Too much stress The shortage of healthcare workers results in increased workload and consequently nurse burnout. Chronic stress is often linked to obesity, cancer, and depression. Therefore, healthcare professionals, to be precise nurses need adequate rest to maintain themselves rather than just being concerned with the well-being of patients. According to a survey conducted by Rajan (2014), work-related pressures including shortage in human resources, heavy workloads, and bureaucracy were the leading causes of stress in their life. These factors also affect their mental and physical health as well as their well-being. Other factors that contribute to their increased stress levels include a large number of patients that seek medical attention. As a result, health professionals are compelled to work long hours to meet challenging targets. Healthcare providers take care of patients with different ailments. For this reason, their job is emotional in nature contributing to poor health. Working in shift Lin et al. (2014) define shift work as working outside morning hours including night and evening work as well as rotating schedules. The author also links shift work to various types of cancer, diabetes, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and gastrointestinal disease. The mechanisms used to connect health problems with shift work are not clear. However, behavior and lifestyle changes including smoking and diet as well as stress, sleep problems, and changes in circadian rhythm are the reason behind the earlier mentioned health problems. Equally, weight gain among healthcare professionals is attributable to inadequate sleep. Healthcare professionals, to be precise nurses find it difficult to sleep for eight hours given the nature of their job. Shift work also makes it challenging for health professionals to eat healthily and engage in physical activities. Stigma A majority of healthcare professionals cite confidentiality and stigma as the main obstacle towards accessing quality healthcare services. They are greatly concerned about the impact of seeking medical help on their careers. In fact, some believe that that they will be stigmatized if they confess to having a mental illness or an addiction problem. Negative Impacts of Health Professionals Not Practicing What They Preach A doctors lifestyle considerably affects the care given to the patients. Initially, patients accepted doctors recommendations without questioning. However, this trend is breaking down because patients do not readily implement a health advice that does not mirror the lifestyle of the healthcare provider (Mahmood et al., 2014). Health professionals who are involved in heavy drinking, smoking or are obese find it difficult to provide heath advice to patients suffering from the same conditions because they do not practice what they preach. Therefore, their unhealthy lifestyles jeopardize their authority when providing advice on such matters. Healthcare professionals are supposed to be professional, competent, and trustworthy. Whenever a patient visits a doctors room, he/she must feel confident that the physician has addressed his/her health problem as well as listened to him/her. Patients should also be able to discuss their personal concerns, drinking, or eating habits with their doctor. However, a general practitioner lifestyle can hinder their effectiveness in advising patients accordingly. For instance, an obese or overweight doctor might find it challenging to diagnose obese or overweight clients compared to their counterparts. Healthcare professionals with normal body mass index find it easier to discuss with their obese patients about losing weight and being physically active. Based on the above discussions, it is evident that health professionals just like the general public suffer from various illnesses including heart diseases, diabetes, and obesity. This is attributable to the fact that the same environmental and societal factors that contribute to the increased rate of chronic illness among the general public also affects workers in the healthcare sector. As such, it is clear that nobody, whether the general public or healthcare worker is completely immune to issues the triggers unhealthy lifestyle behaviors (Kramer Son, 2016). Even though healthcare professionals have firsthand experience and knowledge with the outcomes of unhealthy lifestyles, they understand that good health and healthy habits are essential in enhancing the well-being of an individual though they are hard to come by (Hernandez, 2016). In addition to being health professionals, they are men and women who are susceptible to the same social and environmental influences as other indiv iduals in the population. Conclusion From research, it is evident that health professionals do not practice what they preach. However, this is attributable to a wide range of factors including work shift, the drinking culture that characterizes medical schools, and stress related to their work. For instance, the nature of their job does not provide them with adequate time to engage in physical activity or eat a healthy diet. Regardless the challenges they encounter in their profession, health professionals must act as role models to the public at large. Focusing on their personal health play an essential role in improving the overall health of the public because they will be triggered to modify their lifestyle and maintain a healthy weight based on their doctors instructions. Future research needs to focus on how health professionals can enhance their well-being regardless their busy schedules. References Hernandez, S. L. (2016). The Impact of Shift Work on Employee Health. Professional Safety, 61(3), 24-35. Jimnez-Cruz, A., Bacard-Gascn, M. (2006). Perception of Overweight By Mexican Physicians And Teachers. Diabetes Care, 29: 23-56. Kramer, A., Son, J. (2016). Who Cares about the Health of Health Care Professionals? An 18-Year Longitudinal Study of Working Time, Health, and Occupational Turnover. Industrial Labor Relations Review, 69(4), 939-960. doi:10.1177/0019793916640492 Lin, S., Liao, W., Chen, M., Fan, J. (2014). The impact of shift work on nurses' job stress, sleep quality and self-perceived health status. Journal of Nursing Management, 22(5), 604-612. doi:10.1111/jonm.12020 Mahmood, S., Najjad, M.K, Ali, N., Yousuf, N., Hamid, Y. (2010). Predictors Of Obesity Among Post Graduate Trainee Doctors Working In A Tertiary Care Hospital Of Public Sector In Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 60(2): 758-761. Mahmood, S., Relton, C., Freeman, J., Croot, E.(2014). Do Healthcare Professionals Practice What They Preach in Reality. Journal of Obesity Weight Loss Therapy, 3(1): 50-65. Perrin, E.M, Flower, K.B, Ammerman, A.S. (2005). Pediatricians' Own Weight: Self-Perception, Misclassification, and Ease of Counseling. Obesity Review, 13: 326-332. Rajan, D. (2014). Awareness About Impact Of Work Stress: A Comparative Study Among Nurses. Global Management Review, 8(4): 13-23. Terebessy, A., Czegldi, E., Balla, B. C., Horvth, F., Balzs, P. (2016). Medical students' health behaviour and self-reported mental health status by their country of origin: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 161-169. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0884-8 Zhu, D., Norman, I.J, While, A.E. (2011). The Relationship between Health Professionals' Weight Status and Attitudes towards Weight Management: A Systematic Review. Obesity Review, 12(2): 324-337.